Abstract
The measurement of wave normal directions of low-latitude sunset whistlers was carried out by means of crossed loop aerials on board a rocket. It is found that the features of whistler wave normal directions are quite consistent with the concept of a trapping cone for ducted propagation. In addition, the wave normal directions of ionospherically transmitted whistlers lend further strong support to the ducted propagation of sunset whistlers. We deduce the enhancement factor, scale and structure of sunset ducts by making use of the observed results and theoretical ray tracing studies.
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