Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction as a Promising Technique for Fast Separation of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Ionic Species: A Review of Recent Advances.

Ingrid Hagarová

doi:10.1155/2020/8847565

Abstract

The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in a wide variety of industrial as well as medical sectors is indisputable. This leads to a new concern about their presence in various environmental compartments. Since their negative effect and potential toxicity impact have been confirmed, analytical chemists focus on the development of different procedures for their reliable detection, identification, characterization, and quantification, not only in homogenous and simple matrices but also in complex environmental matrices. However, nanoparticles and their ionic species can coexist and their toxicity may differ; therefore, novel analytical approaches are necessary to monitor not only the nanoparticles but also their ionic species. The aim of this article is to bring a review of recent works where magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) procedures in connection with spectrometric methods were used for separation/preconcentration and quantification of (1) silver and gold ions in various environmental samples, (2) AgNPs and AuNPs in real water samples in the presence of various coexisting ions, and (3) both species (it means Ag ions and AgNPs; Au ions and AuNPs) in real water samples. The results presented herein show the great analytical potential of MSPE procedures in connection with spectrometric methods used in these fields and can be helpful in guiding analytical chemists who aim to work on this subject.

Highlights

Separation techniques have an irreplaceable place in current analytical chemistry
E aim of this paper is to bring a review of magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) procedures used for the separation and preconcentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and their ionic species. e widespread use of AgNPs and AuNPs is indisputable, resulting, in their increased concentrations in various environmental compartments. is ranks them among emerging pollutants. Nanoparticles and their ionic species can coexist, and their toxicity may differ; novel analytical approaches are necessary to monitor the nanoparticles and their ionic species. e great potential of MSPE procedures in connection with spectrometric methods (such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) used in this field will be documented by works summarized . e preparation of MNPs and the modification of MNPs will be described briefly
MNPs have been used in various areas due to their unique properties, including a large specific area and simple separation using an external magnetic field. is is well documented by many references in reviews dedicated to the use of MNPs

Summary

Introduction

Separation techniques have an irreplaceable place in current analytical chemistry. It stems from the complexity of analyzed samples, as well as (ultra)trace concentrations of many studied analytes. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is based on the analyte partition coefficient between the sample solution and the sorbent. In this technique, the sorbent is packed inside cartridges, syringe barrels, or microcolumns. E extraction process consists of these main steps: (1) column conditioning, (2) sample loading, (3) washing, and (4) elution In this column arrangement, several advantages over conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) can be stated, such as the achievement of higher enrichment factors (EFs), faster procedures, and less consumption of organic solvents. E applied sorbents and retention mechanisms involved are similar to those of using SPE cartridges [4] Another alternative of SPE is the so-called dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE), which is based on the addition of a solid sorbent to an agitated sample solution for a certain time. The method is named a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE)

Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction

Preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Findings

Concluding Remarks