Abstract
The present understanding of quantum spin chains is reviewed from the magnetic resonance point of view. This includes both the ideal one-dimensional properties in the spin sector as well as the complex interplay with orbital, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom which govern the ground state. In copper-phosphates we observe an extremely extended paramagnetic regime governed by strong antiferromagnetic correlations with record values of the ratio kBTN/J < 6×10−4, which compares the ordering temperature of a Neel state to the magnitude of the exchange J between neighbouring spins. A detailed quantitative discussion of NMR and ESR relaxation within this paramagnetic regime elucidates the relevant exchange interactions in typical bonding geometries of most common quantum-spin-chain systems like KCuF3, CuGeO3, NaxV2O5, and LiCuVO4. Concerning the ground state, paramount topics of modern solid-state physics arise among these examples as there are multiferroicity, charge order, metal-insulator transition, and spin dimerization as well as phase separation.
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