Magnetic resonance imaging findings of intracranial extraventricular ependymoma: A retrospective multi-center cohort study of 114 cases.

Abstract

Intracranial extraventricular ependymoma (IEE) is an ependymoma located in the brain parenchyma outside the ventricles. IEE has overlapping clinical and imaging characteristics with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) but different treatment strategy and prognosis. Therefore, an accurate preoperative diagnosis is necessary for optimizing therapy for IEE. A retrospective multicenter cohort of IEE and GBM was identified. MR imaging characteristics assessed with the Visually Accessible Rembrandt Images (VASARI) feature set and clinicopathological findings were recorded. Independent predictors for IEE were identified using multivariate logistic regression, which was used to construct a diagnostic score for differentiating IEE from GBM. Compared to GBM, IEE tended to occur in younger patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified seven independent predictors for IEE. Among them, 3 predictors including tumor necrosis rate (F7), age, and tumor-enhancing margin thickness (F11), demonstrated higher diagnostic performance with an Area Under Curve (AUC) of more than 70% in distinguishing IEE from GBM. The AUC was 0.85, 0.78, and 0.70, with sensitivity of 92.98%, 72.81%, and 96.49%, and specificity of 65.50%, 73.64%, and 43.41%, for F7, age, and F11, respectively. We identified specific MR imaging features such as tumor necrosis and thickness of enhancing tumor margins that could help to differentiate IEE from GBM. Our study results should be helpful to assist in diagnosis and clinical management of this rare brain tumor.