Abstract
We have measured the magnetic properties of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) implanted with fluences of 25-keV iron atoms ranging from 1016 to 1017 atoms/cm2. The lowest fluence specimen was paramagnetic down to 2 K, with evidence for clusters of only a few spins, while the highest fluence specimen was clearly ferromagnetic, with magnetization curves resembling those of a set of randomly oriented soft magnetic planes. The critical fluence for formation of a ferromagnetic state appears to be between 1 and 3×1016 atoms/cm2 at 25 keV. These results can be qualitatively understood based on the critical density for percolation of near neighbor exchange interactions.
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