Abstract
Currently, significant research efforts are geared towards using carbon-based materials for electronic applications. Here we report the observation of magnetic ordering of implanted Mn in HOPG substrates. Superconducting quantum interference device measurements show higher moments for Mn-doped samples and also the existence of double and inverted hysteresis in both undoped and doped samples. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows the presence of nanocrystals in implanted samples. Grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies show the presence of three stable manganese carbides, including antiferromagnetic Mn${}_{23}$C${}_{6}$. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements show ferromagnetic ordering of Mn moments at temperatures below \ensuremath{\sim}100 K. However, a very weak XMCD signal indicates that only about 1$%$ of Mn atoms are ferromagnetically ordered. We conclude that the observed Mn ferromagnetic ordering is caused by uncompensated Mn moments on the surface of antiferromagnetic Mn${}_{23}$C${}_{6}$ nanocrystals that are aligned by the local magnetic field.
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