Abstract
The use of magnetism in medicine has changed dramatically since its first application by the ancient Greeks in 624 BC. Now, by leveraging magnetic nanoparticles, investigators have developed a range of modern applications that use external magnetic fields to manipulate biological systems. Drug delivery systems that incorporate these particles can target therapeutics to specific tissues without the need for biological or chemical cues. Once precisely located within an organism, magnetic nanoparticles can be heated by oscillating magnetic fields, which results in localized inductive heating that can be used for thermal ablation or more subtle cellular manipulation. Biological imaging can also be improved using magnetic nanoparticles as contrast agents; several types of iron oxide nanoparticles are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents that can improve image resolution and information content. New imaging modalities, such as magnetic particle imaging (MPI), directly detect magnetic nanoparticles within organisms, allowing for background-free imaging of magnetic particle transport and collection. “Lab-on-a-chip” technology benefits from the increased control that magnetic nanoparticles provide over separation, leading to improved cellular separation. Magnetic separation is also becoming important in next-generation immunoassays, in which particles are used to both increase sensitivity and enable multiple analyte detection. More recently, the ability to manipulate material motion with external fields has been applied in magnetically actuated soft robotics that are designed for biomedical interventions. In this review article, the origins of these various areas are introduced, followed by a discussion of current clinical applications, as well as emerging trends in the study and application of these materials.
Highlights
Magnetism has been linked to medicine for thousands of years
Doxorubicin, through both manipulation of the the largest particlefields itselfof and the external field acting upon it. gold, While silver, and ferrite nanoparticles have all been studied for their cancer killing and it is well studied that the catalytic activity can be tuned through particle size,abilities, composition, they have been clinically applied to varying degrees
Chen et al demonstrate that multifunctional envelope-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MEMSN) can increase the specificity of drug delivery and enhance the contrast of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [45]
Summary
Magnetism has been linked to medicine for thousands of years. It is thought that the. Magnetic nanotionally, clinical applications will demand models that can effectively predict magnetic particles can be used to boost the diagnostic performance and throughput efficiencies of particle movement in complex in vivo settings as such data are a necessary requisite for various immunoassays. Across these four broad fields, particular focus is given to iron any clinical application. Biomedicallysilver, and ferrite nanoparticles have all been studied for their cancer killing abilities, relevant movement the external fieldtoactuation of magnetic particles make the clinical and they have beenvia clinically applied varying degrees These therapies work through translation of cell separation techniques and soft robotics more feasible. Treatment knowledge and demonstrated the use of magnetic nanoparticles in tumor treatment [17]
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