Abstract
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) based on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle-assisted in situ ionic liquid was developed as a novel method for the pretreatment of pyrethroid pesticides (flumethrin, bifenthrin and silafluofen) in urine samples. [N4,4,4,4]Cl and Na[N(CN)2] formed a ionic liquid ([N4,4,4,4][N(CN)2]), which provides an alternative to highly toxic solvents; moreover, high extraction recoveries and enrichment factors were achieved. The extraction parameters affecting the extraction recoveries were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the analytical method showed a good linear response, with correlation coefficient (R2) values ranging from 0.9994 to 0.9996. The enrichment factor, limit of detection and recovery were 108–125, 2.7–5.0 μg L−1 and 88.0–101.1%, respectively. Therefore, this green and simple method is suitable for the microextraction of pyrethroid pesticides in urine samples. It is valuable to establish a sensitive method for monitoring trace levels of pyrethroids, which could contribute to the use of rapid and green sample preparation procedures in urine samples.
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