Abstract
Strategies to promote bone regeneration have been always the focus of investigations since the skeleton plays important roles like mechanical support, organ protection and mineral homeostasis maintenance in the normal physiological activities of the human body. Magnetic fields have shown to be highly influential in the regeneration process, arousing tremendous interest in utilizing magnetic materials to enhance osteogenesis. In this work, we attempt a more comprehensive and detailed review of magnetic materials in promoting bone regeneration by including not only the mechanisms of bone regeneration, the history and basic concepts of magnetism, but also the types of magnetic materials as well as their influence parameters, designs and fabrication techniques with a focus on their usage in the field of bone regeneration like 3D printed scaffolds and implants. In addition, we provide some possible ideas on the synergistic action between magnetic and other materials on bone tissue. Finally, we propose the development trend of magnetic materials in the field of bone regeneration in the future. There is a huge demand for a more effective and less traumatic way to accelerate bone regeneration of the patients with diseases like fractures, tumors and osteoporosis that cause severe pains, bone loss, limb deformations, and restrictions of mobility. Magnetic materials have substantial potential to be manufactured into novel clinical applications with the ability to increase the bone regeneration efficiency.
Highlights
As a highly mineralized tissue, bone provides mechanical protection for connective tissue and soft tissue, it actively participates in the regulation of pH and calcium levels in blood and the formation of blood cells (Porter et al, 2009)
Before we explore magnetic materials, the process of bone regeneration must be understood
The relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts is related mainly to the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), usually on the surface of developing osteoblastic cells, which can bind with its receptor RANK, resulting in the activation, proliferation
Summary
As a highly mineralized tissue, bone provides mechanical protection for connective tissue and soft tissue, it actively participates in the regulation of pH and calcium levels in blood and the formation of blood cells (Porter et al, 2009). Osteogenesis is accompanied by mineralization of the extracellular matrix by deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite (Caetano-Lopes et al, 2007) Both of the signaling molecules (e.g., cytokines, growth factors, sex hormones) and interactions with osteoclasts (cells derived from macrophages which have the opposite role to osteoblasts) (Huang et al, 2014), have an influence on proliferation, differentiation, and function of osteoblasts. We focused mainly on the effects of the size, temperature, composition and preparation methods on the magnetic properties of materials because these four parameters have great practical utility and can be manipulated if appropriate methods are employed. In 1989, Coehoorn et al heated a metal slowly to a certain temperature, maintained it for a sufficient time, and cooled it at an appropriate rate This annealing procedure eliminated the internal stress, restored the magnetism, and optimized the properties of permanent magnets. Since the twenty-first century, magnetic materials have been used more widely in medicine, such as in breast-cancer therapy (Zheng et al, 2018), treatment of bacterial infections (Xu et al, 2019), cardiovascular repair (Vosen et al, 2016b), neural regeneration (Funnell et al, 2019), and especially in the skeletal system (Thevenot et al, 2013)
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