Magnetic fields and gas in the cluster-influenced spiral galaxy NGC 4254

Abstract

Aims. The origin of asymmetric radio polarized emission in the Virgo Cluster spiral NGC 4254 is investigated and the influence of cluster environment on the properties of magnetic fields is explored. Methods. Structures of magnetic fields are analyzed with the concept of “magnetic maps”, presenting distributions of different magnetic field components (total, regular, and random) over the entire galaxy, free of Faraday rotation and projection effects. A number of different physical phenomena influencing the magnetic field are modeled analytically and confronted with the galaxy's depolarization pattern and distribution of magnetic field strength obtained from multifrequency polarimetric radio observations. Results. The study of orientation of intrinsic magnetic field vectors in NGC 4254 indicates that their dramatic variation (from 0° to more than 40°) throughout the galaxy cannot arise from the dynamo process alone, but must be dominated by effects such as density waves and local gas flows. We determine within the galaxy the relation between the strength of total magnetic field and the local star-formation rate (SFR) as a power-law with an index of +0.18 ± 0.01. We find the opposite sense of the relation between magnetic field regularity and SFR (-0.32 ± 0.03), and suggest that it results from efficient production of random field with rising turbulence in the regions with actively-forming stars. The distribution of Faraday rotation measures in NGC 4254 indicates a perturbed axisymmetrical mean-field dynamo mode or a mixture of axisymmetrical and bisymmetrical ones with regular field directed outwards from the disk, which is contrary to most observed galaxies. The galaxy's northern magnetic arm, located on the upstream side of the local density wave, with regular field strength of about 8 μ G and the total one of 17 μ G, much resembles those observed in other galaxies. But the magnetic field within two outer arms (shifted downstream of a density wave) is much stronger, up to 13 μ G in the regular field component and 20 μ G in the total field. Our modeling of cluster influence on different magnetic field components indicates that within the outer magnetic arms the dynamo-induced magnetic fields are modified by stretching and shearing forces rather than by cluster ram pressure. Those forces, which are likely triggered by the galaxy's gravitational interaction, produce an anisotropic component of the regular field and enhance the polarized emission. We also show that the magnetic energy within the large interarm regions and the galaxy's outskirts exceeds the gas thermal and turbulent energy, likely becoming dynamically important.