Magnetic field assisted fluidization – a unified approach. Part 8. Mass transfer: magnetically assisted bioprocesses

Abstract

3. Magnetically assisted free-cell bioreactors 3.1. Basic concept and overview of magnetic effects on living cultures 3.2. Reactors with entirely magnetically assisted working volumes 3.2.1. Magnetically assisted activated sludge processes 3.2.2. Magnetically assisted Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth 3.2.2.1. Proliferation of yeast in response to magnetic field application 3.2.2.2. Comments on the proliferation studies: microlevel dynamo concept 3.2.2.3. Fermentation processes 3.2.3. Spirulina behavior under magnetic fields 3.2.4. Magnetotactic bacteria (Magnetospirillum magneticum) 3.2.5. Escherichia coli behavior under magnetic field 3.2.5.1. Static and high-intensity field exposures 3.2.5.2. Low-intensity, time-varying field exposures 3.2.5.3. Brief comments on the magnetic field exposures of E. coli 3.2.6. Other processes exposed to magnetic fields 3.2.6.1. Static magnetic field effects on yeast and bacteria 3.2.6.2. Time-varying magnetic field effects on yeast and bacteria 3.2.6.3. Time-varying magnetic field effects on enzyme activity 3.3. Reactors with recirculation and external culture magnetization 3.3.1. Forced circulation loop of a batch submerged fermentation process 3.3.2. External-loop airlift with magnetization 3.3.3. Comments on the bioreactors with external loops and intermittent magnetizations 3.4. Comments on free-cell magnetically assisted bioreactors