Abstract
Mineral bone cements were actually not developed for their application as bone-bonding agents, but as bone void fillers. In particular, calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are considered to be unsuitable for that application, particularly under moist conditions. Here, we showed the ex vivo ability of different magnesium phosphate cements (MPC) to adhere on bovine cortical bone substrates. The cements were obtained from a mixture of farringtonite (Mg3(PO4)2) with different amounts of phytic acid (C6H18O24P6, inositol hexaphosphate, IP6), whereas cement setting occurred by a chelation reaction between Mg2+ ions and IP6. We were able to show that cements with 25% IP6 and a powder-to-liquid ratio (PLR) of 2.0 g/mL resulted in shear strengths of 0.81 ± 0.12 MPa on bone even after 7 d storage in aqueous conditions. The samples showed a mixed adhesive–cohesive failure with cement residues on the bone surface as indicated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The presented material demonstrated appropriate bonding characteristics, which could enable a broadening of the mineral bone cements’ application field to bone adhesives.
Highlights
There are two main indications for the application of bone adhesives: one is to joint bone fragments of comminuted fractures as a bone-to-bone interface
The phytic acid containing samples had a significant higher compressive strength at every measured time point compared to the reference
Comparing the initial X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns to the patterns after 7 d, quantitative differences could not be seen for phytic acid containing cements and no further crystalline phase has formed
Summary
There are two main indications for the application of bone adhesives: one is to joint bone fragments of comminuted fractures as a bone-to-bone interface. This allows the partial substitution of fracture fixation by metal components such as wires, screws, and plates especially for small fragments with a size of < 1 cm [1]. Bone adhesives can serve as an additional bone-to-metal interface for metallic alloys [2]. An application for such indications would require appropriate adhesion to both bone as well as metal compartments. Most synthetic materials that have been tested as bone-bonding agents, are either mechanically weak with insufficient adhesion to the bone surface or do not fulfill the requirement of biodegradability, as for example poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), cyanoacrylates and its associated formulations [15]
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