Magnesium lignosulfonate-derived N, S co-doped 3D flower-like hierarchically porous carbon as an advanced metal-free electrocatalyst towards oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract

The development of metal-free electrocatalytic materials that are economical, friendly to the environment, and efficiency towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of significant interest. Hence, this paper synthesizes nitrogen and sulfur co-doped three-dimensional magnesium lignosulfonate (MLS-derived) flower-like hierarchical porous carbon (NSLPC) materials by a simple and green method. The synthesized NSLPC uses magnesium lignosulfonate as the sulfur source and carbon precursor, melamine as nitrogen source, MgO as hard template, and ZnCl2 as the activator. We also investigated the effect of the ratio of MgO to ZnCl2 on the catalyst performance. When the ratio of MgO to ZnCl2 is 10:0.5, NSLPC-1005 possesses the highest ORR activity with an enormous surface area (1752.54 m2 g−1), abundant active sites, and a hierarchical porous network structure. In alkaline media, NSLPC-1005 has an initial potential of 0.97 V, as well as an excellent half-potential of 0.86 V (vs. Hg/HgO), and an ultimate current density of 5.35 mA cm−2. It exhibits attractive ORR performance as well as outstanding cyclic stability that are comparable to commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts. This research developed an effective approach to synthesize metal-free carbon materials with high activity and long-term durability as electrocatalysts, which have a promising application in sustainable energy conversion technology.