Magnesium corrosion particles do not interfere with the immune function of primary human and murine macrophages.

Isabelle Roth,Stephan Schumacher,Kathrin Baumert,Tina Basler,Wolfgang Bäumer,Florian Evertz,Manfred Kietzmann,Jan-Marten Seitz,Peter Paul Müller

doi:10.1007/s40204-014-0032-9

Abstract

Magnesium is currently under investigation as a prospective biodegradable implant material. Biodegradation of magnesium causes a release of magnesium, hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas but it can also lead to the formation of particulate debris. Implant-derived particles may have immunotoxic effects. To investigate the influence of magnesium-derived particles on the immune functions of primary macrophages, up to 500 μg/ml magnesium or magnesium corrosion particles were added to the cell culture medium. No major effects were observed on cell viability and on the release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α. In addition, the ability of macrophages to stimulate proliferation of allogenic lymphocytes in a mixed leukocyte reaction remained unaffected. When macrophages were incubated with magnesium particles and then infected with the apathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, infection-induced TNFα secretion from murine macrophages was inhibited but not from human macrophages. However, the bactericidal activity of either cell type was not influenced. In conclusion, magnesium-related particles did not restrict the immune function of macrophages, suggesting that magnesium implants and corrosion particles derived thereof are highly biocompatible and have a low inflammatory potential.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40204-014-0032-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Highlights

The development of magnesium-based implants has become an intense focus of biomedical research in recent years (Gu et al 2009; Moravej and Mantovani 2011; Purnama et al 2010; Waizy et al 2013; Witte et al 2008)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that Mg and magnesium corrosion particles were more or less round with an approximate size between 20 and 100 lm, we observed some MCP that were well below 10 lm
After 24 h of incubation with different particle concentrations, metabolic activity of both murine and human macrophages remained largely unchanged with the exception of the 500 lg/ml doses of MCP in murine and CCM particles in human cells, which led to a 39 or 30 % reduction in viability, respectively (Fig. 2a, b)

Summary

Introduction

The development of magnesium-based implants has become an intense focus of biomedical research in recent years (Gu et al 2009; Moravej and Mantovani 2011; Purnama et al 2010; Waizy et al 2013; Witte et al 2008). Permanent implant materials and, in particular, implant wear particles can elicit an inflammatory foreign body response (Bondarenko et al 2011; Hallab and Jacobs 2009; Witte et al 2007) Such long-term side effects could be avoided with self-degradable implants. Self-degrading implants could avoid mechanical stress if permanent implants were not be removed from pediatric patients where the tissues are still growing (Hermawan et al 2010; Kraus et al 2012) These properties explain why magnesium-based biomaterials are primarily investigated for temporary applications such as orthopedic and cardiovascular implants, e.g., osteosynthetic screws and plates, intramedullary nails or vessel stents (Hermawan et al 2010; Waizy et al 2013)

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