Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys have become an important category of materials that is attracting more and more attention due to their high potential use as orthopedic temporary implants. These alloys are a viable alternative to nondegradable metals implants in orthopedics. In this paper, a detailed overview covering alloy development and manufacturing techniques is described. Further, important attributes for Mg-based alloys involved in orthopedic implants fabrication, physiological and toxicological effects of each alloying element, mechanical properties, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis of Mg are presented. A section detailing the main biocompatible Mg-based alloys, with examples of mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and cytotoxicity tests related to in vitro experiments, is also provided. Special attention is given to animal testing, and the clinical translation is also reviewed, focusing on the main clinical cases that were conducted under human use approval.
Highlights
Biomaterials are used in different medical applications and are placed in direct or indirect contact with biological environments [1]
We present the main attributes of Mg alloys for temporary orthopedic implants, the current status of Mg alloys used in orthopedic surgery, different studies performed on animal models, and the clinical translation for Mg-based materials for manufacturing biodegradable implants for orthopedic surgery
One important issue is to point out that the alloying element and metallurgical processing, such as heat treatments and plastic deformation, strongly influence the biocompatibility, the mechanical properties, and the degradation rate, due to the modifications induced in the microstructure of magnesium alloys [76,77]
Summary
Biomaterials are used in different medical applications and are placed in direct or indirect contact with biological environments [1]. Metallic materials are characterized by high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance, but the difference between Young’s modulus of the bone and the metal alloy induces the stress shielding effect. These metal implants require, a second surgery in order to be removed (temporary implants), or sometimes (the permanent prosthesis), revision surgery is needed. Biopolymers, such as polyglycolic acid (PGA) or poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) were used, but due to their low mechanical properties, they can be used only in no loadbearing zones These types of materials are not adequate for the osteointegration process and can generate inflammatory responses from the host body, creating the need for searching different biodegradable metals [14,15]. We present the main attributes of Mg alloys for temporary orthopedic implants, the current status of Mg alloys used in orthopedic surgery, different studies performed on animal models, and the clinical translation for Mg-based materials for manufacturing biodegradable implants for orthopedic surgery
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