Abstract
ABSTRACTCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex liquid formed mainly by the choroid plexuses. After filling the ventricular system where it circulates, CSF flows out to the subarachnoid spaces through openings in the 4th ventricle. Following numerous studies on CSF pathways, these openings were first discovered in the 19th century by two notable researchers, François Magendie and Hubert von Luschka, who described the median and lateral openings subsequently named after them. Even after the studies of Axel Key and Gustav Magnus Retzius confirming these openings, their existence was questioned by many anatomists, yet acknowledged by others. Finally gaining the acceptance of all, recognition of the holes endures to the present day. Interest in these openings may be attributed to the several congenital or acquired pathological conditions that may affect them, usually associated with hydrocephalus. We report some historical aspects of these apertures and their discoverers.
Highlights
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a complex liquid produced mainly by the choroid plexuses, circulates in the ventricular system, runs out through openings of the 4th ventricle, flows into the subarachnoid spaces, to be absorbed mostly at the arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal venous sinus
Some historical aspects of these apertures and the individuals involved in their discovery will be described
For the first time, he had uncovered the existence of a median opening of the 4th ventricle that placed this cavity in communication with the subarachnoid spaces, and that was later named after him.[7,8]
Summary
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a complex liquid produced mainly by the choroid plexuses, circulates in the ventricular system, runs out through openings of the 4th ventricle, flows into the subarachnoid spaces, to be absorbed mostly at the arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal venous sinus.
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