Macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications: Physicochemical characterization and assessment of rat bone marrow stromal cell viability

Abstract

In this work, a new methodology is reported for developing hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds using an organic sacrifice template. The novelty of work consists of possibility of obtaining porous and highly interconnected scaffolds mimicking the sacrificial component. Our purpose consisted of evaluating the physicochemical properties of the HA scaffolds by means of Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attached with an X-ray detector. The HA scaffolds obtained possess a porosity of approximately 70%, and macropores diameter in the range of 50-600 microm. In contrast, results regarding the microcomputed tomography analysis have demonstrated both high pore uniformity and interconnectivity across the scaffolds. The compressive strength of the HA scaffolds was found to be 30.2 +/- 6.0 MPa. Bioactivity of the HA scaffolds was assessed by immersion into a simulated body fluid solution, in vitro. SEM observations have showed a deposition of apatite on the surface of the HA scaffolds, with a "cauliflower-like" morphology after 1 day, and tend to be more pronounced with the immersion time. The changes in calcium and phosphorus concentration were monitored by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Cytotoxicity of the HA scaffolds was preliminarily investigated by carrying direct observation of mouse fibroblasts cells (L929 cell-line) death in the inverted microscope, and then cell viability was determined by means of carrying out a MTS assay. Complementarily, a luminescent cell viability assay based on the quantification of adenosine triphosphate was performed using rat bone marrow stromal cells (RBMSCs). A LIVE/DEAD assay and SEM analysis allowed the visualization of the RBMSCs adhesion and proliferation on the surface of the HA scaffolds. According to the results obtained from 3D architecture, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and adhesion tests, it is suggested that HA scaffolds has potential to find applications in bone tissue engineering scaffolding.