Abstract
Cellular associations in the bone microenvironment are involved in modulating the balance between bone remodeling and resorption, which is necessary for maintaining a normal bone morphology. Macrophages and osteoclasts are both vital components of the bone marrow. Macrophages can interact with osteoclasts and regulate bone metabolism by secreting a variety of cytokines, which make a significant contribution to the associations. Although, recent studies have fully explored either macrophages or osteoclasts, indicating the significance of these two types of cells. However, it is of high importance to report the latest discoveries on the relationships between these two myeloid-derived cells in the field of osteoimmunology. Therefore, this paper reviews this topic from three novel aspects of the origin, polarization, and subgroups based on the previous work, to provide a reference for future research and treatment of bone-related diseases.
Highlights
The skeleton is a complex organ that facilitates locomotion, retains blood calcium concentration, provides stable support to soft tissues, and is a site for adult hematopoiesis
We primarily focused on the effect of macrophage polarization on osteoclasts
We found that various cytokines, such as interleukins (ILs), chemokines, and tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) produced during the polarization process are intimately associate with he differentiation, activity, and survival of osteoclasts
Summary
The skeleton is a complex organ that facilitates locomotion, retains blood calcium concentration, provides stable support to soft tissues, and is a site for adult hematopoiesis. M1 macrophages can secrete cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), etc., which generally show the effect of activating osteoclasts and promoting bone resorption. For instance, after an infection, inflammatory stimuli, such as IL-12, IFN-g, and ROS, that are generated by damaged or necrotic tissue, promote the polarization of macrophages into M1 phenotype [45,46,47,48,49], resulting in the release of cytokines, such as TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1, and others to affect osteoclast differentiation and formation (Table 1). It can be seen that the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in osteoclastogenesis needs to be further assessed
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