Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in the innate immune system and contribute to a broad spectrum of pathologies in chronic inflammatory diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play important roles in macrophage functions by regulating macrophage polarization, lipid metabolism and so on. Thus, miRNAs represent promising diagnostic and therapeutic targets in immune disorders. In this review, we will summarize the role of miRNAs in atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, and cancer by modulating macrophage phenotypes, which has been supported by in vivo evidence.
Highlights
The innate immune system is central for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and quickly responds to physiological and pathological stimuli such as tissue injury and infection
Macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), which is defined by the origin from bone marrow-derived cells and by the capability of phagocytosis, cytokine secretion and antigen presentation [3,4]
Aerobic glycolysis is enhanced in inflammatory macrophages by the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and is essential for ATP production in these cells, whereas fatty acid oxidation (FAO, termed β-oxidation) is primarily utilized to produce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is important for bactericidal activity [16,17,18]
Summary
The innate immune system is central for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and quickly responds to physiological and pathological stimuli such as tissue injury and infection. Innate immune cells recognize general patterns associated with pathogen infection and damaged cells, and perform nonspecific elimination of the pathogen either by cellular mechanisms such as macrophages or natural killer (NK) cells, or humoral mechanisms such as the complement system. Innate immune cells (in particular, macrophage)-mediated low-grade chronic inflammation plays a central role in pathological process of several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, obesity-induced metabolic syndrome, and cancer. The role of miRNAs in macrophages has been summarized somewhere else [1,2], here we will review macrophage-derived miRNAs that have recently come to light as affecting atherogenesis, obesity-induced metabolic syndrome and cancer, which is supported by in vivo evidences
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