Abstract
The improvement in the research area of the implant by surface functionalization when correlated with the biological response is of major interest in the biomedical field. Based on the fact that the inflammatory response is directly involved in the ultimate response of the implant within the body, it is essential to study the macrophage-material interactions. Within this context, we have investigated the composite material-macrophage cell interactions and the inflammatory response to these composites with amorphous hydroxyapatite (HA), Lactoferrin (Lf), and polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (PEG-PCL) copolymer. All materials are obtained by Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique and characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells proliferation and metabolic activity were assessed by qualitative and quantitative methods. The secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine, in the presence and absence of the inflammatory stimuli (bacterial endotoxin; lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), was measured using an ELISA assay. Our results revealed that the cellular response depended on the physical-chemical characteristics of the coatings. Copolymer-HA-Lf coatings led to low level of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, the increased level of anti-inflammatory IL-10, and the polarization of THP-1 cells towards an M2 pro-reparative phenotype in the presence of LPS. These findings could have important potential for the development of composite coatings in implant applications.
Highlights
The success of a bone implant material is dependent on the host immune response
Topography, hydrophobicity or surface chemistry, as well as the mechanical properties or composition of the materials, are characteristics that influence the response of macrophages [6,11,12,13,14,15]
We recently demonstrated the potential of the Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique for single-step deposition of multiple bioactive factors as an embedding process into a biodegradable synthetic polymeric thin film (PEG-PCL-Me, Co)
Summary
The success of a bone implant material is dependent on the host immune response. Following injury or implantation of a biomaterial, there is an infiltration of inflammatory cells at the site of the wound.Monocyte-derived macrophages [1] are among the first cells that interact and react to implanted biomaterials, playing a role in the inflammatory response and orchestration of tissue repair [2,3,4,5,6].Coatings 2019, 9, 236; doi:10.3390/coatings9040236 www.mdpi.com/journal/coatingsThey are key cells involved in the control and modulation of the inflammatory response associated with the host tissue response to foreign bodies [7,8,9]. The success of a bone implant material is dependent on the host immune response. Monocyte-derived macrophages [1] are among the first cells that interact and react to implanted biomaterials, playing a role in the inflammatory response and orchestration of tissue repair [2,3,4,5,6]. They are key cells involved in the control and modulation of the inflammatory response associated with the host tissue response to foreign bodies [7,8,9]. The cellular response may range from the immune stimulator to the immune suppressor depending on the polarization state of macrophages determined by environmental factors and parameters of the biomaterials [10]. Topography, hydrophobicity or surface chemistry, as well as the mechanical properties or composition of the materials, are characteristics that influence the response of macrophages [6,11,12,13,14,15]
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