Abstract
Chronic renal failure is a common pathology among cats. According to various literary sources, this pathology is found in 0.5–14.0% of cats. Pathology in cats in our studies is a consequence of glomerulonephritis. The diagnosis of chronic renal failure established on the basis of clinical, instrumental, and laboratory methods of blood and urine testing. Studies have found that chronic renal failure in cats is clinically characterized by apathy, anorexia, dry skin, odor of urea, vomiting, thirst, occurrence in the mouth of uremic ulcers (9.5% of patients), tachycardia (up to 177 beats per minute) tachypnoea (up to 45 respiratory movements per minute), hypertension. In the urine – hypostenuria, erythrocyturia, leukocyturia, kidney epithelium, hyaline and granular cylinders. According to echosonography – increase in echogenicity of the parenchyma, brain substance echone negative, cortico-brain differentiation erased. In the blood test – normochromic macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperazotemia (up to 27.9 mmol/L), hypercreatininemia (324 μmol/L), hyperuricemia (615 μmol/L), 4.6-fold increase in SDMA (symmetric dimethylargin). In chronic renal failure, cats have a significant change in the elemental composition of the blood. In particular, the Na+ content was increased by 3%, Ca2+ 1.6 times, P 2.1 times. Instead, the K+ level was reduced 1.9 times. Changes in acid-base equilibrium (ABE) were also detected: the pH decreased to 7.22; HCO3– by 34%, total CO2 by 32.3%, while anionic difference (AG) and buffer bases (BE) increased by 1.8 and 3.5 times, respectively. Such changes are characteristic of the development of lactic acidosis. The obtained experimental data on changes in mineral metabolism and acid-base equilibrium in the serum of cats in chronic renal failure supplement and clarify information on the pathogenic pathology of the kidneys in cats aged 5–10 years. Blood biochemical data can be used to improve early-stage diagnostics without clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure, their prevention and treatment, and to solve applied scientific problems in the field of nephrology and urology of small animals.
Highlights
The stability of the composition and structure of the internal environment of the body is a prerequisite for maintaining the life of animals (Hall et al, 2015)
Analyzing the indicators of “red” blood we found that cats with chronic renal failure showed normocytic microcytic anemia
Patients with chronic renal insufficiency showed hypercalcemia (Ca2+ content 1.6 times higher than clinically healthy ones), which indicates the development of chronic metabolic acidosis and uremic encephalopathy
Summary
The stability of the composition and structure of the internal environment of the body is a prerequisite for maintaining the life of animals (Hall et al, 2015). Chronic renal failure develops gradually as a result of progressive irreversible loss of a functioning renal parenchyma (Vientós-Plotts et al, 2015; Maniaki & Finch, 2018) This disrupts the glomerular and tubular functions of the kidneys, develops uremia, which leads to changes in water-ion and osmotic homeostasis (Jepson et al, 2007). The purpose of the experimental work was to establish changes in water-ionic and acid-base blood balance in cats in chronic renal failure. Clarifying this issue will assist veterinary medicine professionals in developing early diagnosis techniques and new treatment protocols for chronic renal failure to improve cats’ clinical status and extend their life span
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