Abstract
Silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) is recognized as one of the most promising fish species for aquaculture diversification in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea regions. In this regard, S. hasta has received considerable attention, and nutritional studies focused on establishing the nutritional requirements for improving diet formulation have been conducted during recent years. Considering the results from different dose–response nutritional studies on macronutrient requirements conducted in this species, it can be concluded that diets containing ca. 48% crude protein, 15% crude lipid, 15% carbohydrates and 20 KJ g−1 gross energy are recommended for on-growing S. hasta juveniles. In addition, the optimum essential amino acid profile for this species (expressed as g 16 g N−1), should be approximately arginine 5.3, lysine 6.0, threonine 5.2, histidine 2.5, isoleucine 4.6, leucine 5.4, methionine + cysteine 4.0 (in a diet containing 0.6 cysteine), phenylalanine + tyrosine 5.6 (in a diet containing 1.9 tyrosine), tryptophan 1.0 and valine 4.6. Moreover, the optimum dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and soybean lecithin are recommended to be 0.8% and 6%, respectively. The maximum replacement of fish meal with soy protein is recommended to be between 16.5% and 27.3%. In addition, different vegetal oil sources are also recommended for partial and almost complete replacement of fish oil in diets. Although the nutritional requirements in terms of macronutrients have been established under laboratory conditions, the analysis of the available literature indicate that future studies need to be conducted using a more holistic approach under intensive farming conditions in which different nutrients or additives need to be tested under different rearing conditions for refining nutrient requirements in this species.
Highlights
Due to their aquaculture potential, several new sparid species have been considered in recent years as potential candidates for aquaculture diversification in the world, taking advantage of their easy adaptation to captivity and the use of available production technology similar to those of well-established aquaculture species such as the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and red seabream (Pagrus major) [1]
The results of this study showed that humoral immune responses including plasma total protein, total immunoglobulins, lysozyme, complement and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly reduced in fish fed with each of the above-mentioned essential amino acids (EAA)-deficient diets
Regarding S. hasta juveniles (BWi = 16.7 ± 0.1 g), Yaghoubi et al conducted a two-month nutritional trial to determine the amount of soy products (SP), including soybean meal and isolated soy protein, which could be used for replacing fish meal (FM) in diets without reducing growth performance [14]
Summary
Due to their aquaculture potential, several new sparid species have been considered in recent years as potential candidates for aquaculture diversification in the world, taking advantage of their easy adaptation to captivity and the use of available production technology (i.e., husbandry and rearing protocols, diets, production facilities, etc.) similar to those of well-established aquaculture species such as the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and red seabream (Pagrus major) [1]. S. hasta is consistent with the overall pattern of digestive enzyme activities in other carnivorous fish species with high protease and lipase, but low amylase activities [3] This species is generally found in brackish and marine waters in tropical areas (water temperature preferendum of 28–30 ◦ C), and from shallow to moderate water depths (depth range: 1–50 m). Sparids have species-specific nutritional requirements because of their different feeding habits; studies on the nutritional requirements of each candidate sparid species for aquaculture diversification is fundamental for a proper evaluation of their true potential value for the aquaculture industry [6] In this regard, S. hasta has received considerable attention from the scientific community in order to develop its intensive culture, and, this attention has been coupled with a considerable investment in nutritional studies focused on establishing the nutritional requirements of this species, as well as improving diet formulation. The present work aims to review recent findings in different aspects of the nutritional requirements in macronutrients during the on-growing production phase of S. hasta, information that would be compared to that available from other sparid species and discussed in terms of diet formulation
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