Macromolecule absorption and cortisol secretion in newborn calves derived from in vitro produced embryos

Abstract

Earlier reports indicate that calves derived from in vitro produced (IVP) embryos are more susceptible to neonatal disease than calves produced after artificial insemination (AI) or natural mating. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether calves born after IVP embryos show an altered macromolecule absorption (immunoglobulin G (IgG) and porcine serum albumin (PSA)) compared with AI calves and whether the macromolecule absorption could be related to the degree of acidosis or to the cortisol secretion around birth. Hence, IgG and PSA absorption in control AI calves ( n=7) was compared with that in two groups of IVP calves (IVP-defined: SOFaa embryo culture with polyvinyl alcohol, n=6; IVP-serum: SOFaa embryo culture with serum and co-culture, n=8). The calves were fed colostrum (40 ml/kg) at 2, 6 and 12 h after birth. At 24 h after birth, both AI and IVP calves had achieved a level of plasma IgG sufficient to provide passive immunization (>15 mg/ml). When the values were adjusted for the varying colostral IgG contents and the degree of acidosis, the IVP-defined calves had significantly lower peak plasma IgG concentrations than the AI calves at 18–24 h after birth ( P<0.04). However, when the macromolecule marker (PSA), was fed to all calves at 2 and 12 h after birth the resulting plasma PSA levels were significantly lower in the AI calves compared with the IVP calves during the whole observation period ( P<0.0001). Calves with a moderate neonatal acidosis (mean pH<7.2 during the first 30 min after birth) had reduced peak plasma IgG concentration at 18–24 h after birth ( P<0.02) compared to calves without acidosis. The basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol levels were lower in the newborn IVP-defined calves than in the AI calves ( P<0.05) and the IVP-serum calves ( P<0.002). Cortisol levels shortly after birth correlated positively with birth weight ( r=0.60, P<0.0001) and with gestation length ( r=0.34, P<0.04). Since, the IVP calves absorbed sufficient amounts of IgG from colostrum to acquire sufficient passive immunity, we conclude that the lower viability described in IVP offspring probably is not caused by an impaired passive immunization. IVP-defined calves had significantly lower absorption efficiency of IgG compared with AI calves, whereas absorption of a non-Ig macromolecule (PSA) was higher for IVP than AI calves. This might indicate a more selective absorption in AI calves in favor of IgG. Acidosis around birth affected immunoglobulin absorption negatively. IVP-defined calves had significantly lower cortisol levels the first 3 h after birth and during an ACTH-challenge and a lower IgG absorption efficiency, which might indicate a mild degree of organ dysmaturity in these calves.