Abstract
Molecular recognition of host/guest molecules represents the basis of many biological processes and phenomena. Enzymatic catalysis and inhibition, immunological response, reproduction of genetic information, biological regulatory functions, the effects of drugs, and ion transfer—all these processes include the stage of structure recognition during complexation. The goal of this review is to solicit and publish the latest advances in the design and sensing and binding abilities of porphyrin-based heterotopic receptors with well-defined geometries, the recognition ability of which is realized due to ionic, H-bridge, charge transfer, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic interactions. The dissection of the considered low-energy processes at the molecular scale expands our capabilities in the development of effective systems for controlled recognition, selective delivery, and prolonged release of substrates of different natures (including drugs) to their sites of functioning.
Highlights
Introduction of Substrates of Different NatureMolecular recognition is a process in which host molecules select and bind guest molecules into structurally highly organized systems through multipoint intermolecular interactions [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Selective chemical modification of porphyrins by fragments of other classes of compounds makes it possible to synthesize molecular systems that are different in their nature and positions of the reaction centers relative to each other [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
The molecular structures, sensing mechanism, and successful applications of these macrocyclic compounds with well-defined geometries as heterotopic receptors for molecular recognition and reversible binding of anions, cations, and small organic molecules are discussed in detail
Summary
The fact that it is possible to chemically modify the tetrapyrrole molecule has enabled researchers to synthesize porphyrin conjugates with other macrocyclic compounds(porphyrin conjugates with calix[n]arenes [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54], cyclodextrines [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66], calix[n]pyrroles, fullerenes, ferrocenes, and resorcinarenes [66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80]) possessing their own properties, allowing them to form complexes with ions and organic molecules of different natures. Regulation of the interporphyrin distance by the introduction of metal cations [42]
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