Abstract
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are unique among cellular organelles as they possess a separate genome and a complete system for replication, transcription and translation of their genetic information. However, the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes have a limited capacity to encode their essential protein components (~10% in both cases). Most of the proteins in chloroplasts and mitochondria are nuclear-encoded and synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. These proteins are subsequently imported into the organelles from the cytosol and must be assembled into the correct subcompartment in order to function properly. There are four subcompartments (outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane and matrix) in mitochondria whereas there are six subcompartments (outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, stroma, thylakoid membrane and thylakoid lumen) in chloroplasts. Each of these subcompartments contains a unique set of proteins indicating that the translocation of proteins across one, two or (in chloroplasts) three membranes in succession is a highly selective process.
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