Abstract
Simple SummaryThis study analyzed the possibility of automatically detecting dairy cow behavior by combining the use of a single triaxial accelerometer applied to the animal’s left flank with a machine learning technique. This combination enabled the detection of posture and the main types of behavior that are extremely useful in evaluating the animal’s welfare and health such as resting, feeding, and rumination with a high degree of accuracy. The novelty of the study was the success in reaching a high accuracy in detecting five different behaviors and the animal posture by using a single sensor and allowing farmers to save money. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has successfully explored the feasibility of locating a sensor on the animal’s left flank, showing the opportunity of automatically measuring some physiological parameters, such as those ones related to respiration and rumen health, in a non-invasive way.The aim of the present study was to develop a model to identify posture and behavior from data collected by a triaxial accelerometer located on the left flank of dairy cows and evaluate its accuracy and precision. Twelve Italian Red-and-White lactating cows were equipped with an accelerometer and observed on average for 136 ± 29 min per cow by two trained operators as a reference. The acceleration data were grouped in time windows of 8 s overlapping by 33.0%, for a total of 35,133 rows. For each row, 32 different features were extracted and used by machine learning algorithms for the classification of posture and behavior. To build up a predictive model, the dataset was split in training and testing datasets, characterized by 75.0 and 25.0% of the observations, respectively. Four algorithms were tested: Random Forest, K Nearest Neighbors, Extreme Boosting Algorithm (XGB), and Support Vector Machine. The XGB model showed the best accuracy (0.99) and Cohen’s kappa (0.99) in predicting posture, whereas the Random Forest model had the highest overall accuracy in predicting behaviors (0.76), showing a balanced accuracy from 0.96 for resting to 0.77 for moving. Overall, very accurate detection of the posture and resting behavior were achieved.
Highlights
The Random Forest (RF) model led to the highest balanced accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and negative predictive value (NPV) in the prediction of feeding, moving, and standing still, whereas for the prediction of resting and ruminating the highest balanced accuracy, sensitivity, and NPV were achieved using model XGB
Support Vector Machine (SVM) proved to be less effective in predicting the considered behaviors compared with RF and XGB
We investigated whether data attained through a triaxial accelerometer located on the left flank paralumbar fossa of dairy cows could be useful in predicting animal’s posture and behavior
Summary
In order to make up for this lack, farmers are resorting to technology that helps them to guarantee a continuous control of many factors, including housing conditions [3], feed quality and consistency [4,5], and animal health [6,7]. With this regard, knowing the time spent by an animal standing or lying, feeding or ruminating, are of critical importance to detect the onset of a disease and assist in feeding and herd management [8,9]. Stangaferro and colleagues [7], for example, highlighted that mastitis in dairy cows is associated with changes in rumination time and physical activity, underlining that analyzing data on behavior and posture can help farmers and veterinarians in spotting changes from normality in a timely manner
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