Abstract
Fifth-generation (5G) technology will play a vital role in future wireless networks. The breakthrough 5G technology will unleash a massive Internet of Everything (IoE), where billions of connected devices, people, and processes will be simultaneously served. The services provided by 5G include several use cases enabled by the enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications, and ultra-reliable low-latency communication. Fifth-generation networks potentially merge multiple networks on a single platform, providing a landscape for seamless connectivity, particularly for high-mobility devices. With their enhanced speed, 5G networks are prone to various research challenges. In this context, we provide a comprehensive survey on 5G technologies that emphasize machine learning-based solutions to cope with existing and future challenges. First, we discuss 5G network architecture and outline the key performance indicators compared to the previous and upcoming network generations. Second, we discuss next-generation wireless networks and their characteristics, applications, and use cases for fast connectivity to billions of devices. Then, we confer physical layer services, functions, and issues that decrease the signal quality. We also present studies on 5G network technologies, 5G propelling trends, and architectures that help to achieve the goals of 5G. Moreover, we discuss signaling techniques for 5G massive multiple-input and multiple-output and beam-forming techniques to enhance data rates with efficient spectrum sharing. Further, we review security and privacy concerns in 5G and standard bodies’ actionable recommendations for policy makers. Finally, we also discuss emerging challenges and future directions.
Highlights
Over recent years, the quantity of communicating devices and their consumers has been enormously growing, forcing cellular companies to expand their bandwidth to acquire higher data rates for wireless media [1]
Internet speed is an eminent concern for both users and service providers; cellular companies are in a battle for fifth-generation (5G) internet implementation so that they can provide a super fast and reliable connection to their users [3]
To achieve the expected 5G vision, embedded architecture and intelligent designs are required in addition to emerging technologies; i.e., software-defined network (SDN), network slicing, and Network function virtualization (NFV) located above the physical layer to support multiple services
Summary
The quantity of communicating devices and their consumers has been enormously growing, forcing cellular companies to expand their bandwidth to acquire higher data rates for wireless media [1]. Fifth-generation networks are supposed to revamp the cellular industry from top to bottom by 2022, as their primitive focus is to enhance the transmission speed, capacity, and reliability of wireless channels This task can be accomplished by using low power and low latency for the tactile internet, the Internet of Things (IoT), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), robotics, autonomous vehicles, and industry [4]. Fifth-generation devices consume low power, and Tx/Rx transmits signals at a data rate of 10 Gbps (gigabits-per-second) This technology provides an environment for the connection of millions of IoT devices. Per device peak data rate Switching Forward error correction E2E latency Maximum spectral efficiency Mobility support Satellite integration AI supported Autonomous vehicle supported XR supported Haptic communication Visible light communication (VLC) Maximum frequency Architecture Service Level Connectivity density Area traffic capacity Network energy efficiency Spectrum efficiency Reliability. No Partially supported Partially supported Partially supported Partially supported No 90 GHz Massive MIMO AR,VR 106 Devices/km Mb/s/m2 10–100× of 4G 3× of 4G 99.999
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