Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the advent of nanophotonics, where light–matter interaction is shaped, almost at will, with human-made designed nanostructures. However, the design process for these nanostructures has remained complex, often relying on the intuition and expertise of the designer, ultimately limiting the reach and penetration of this groundbreaking approach. Recently, there has been an increasing number of studies in applying machine learning techniques for the design of nanostructures. Most of these studies engage deep learning techniques, which entail training a deep neural network (DNN) to approximate the highly nonlinear function of the underlying physical process of the interaction between light and the nanostructures. At the end of the training, the DNN allows for on-demand design of nanostructures (i.e., the model can infer nanostructure geometries for desired light spectra). In this article, we review previous studies for designing nanostructures, including recent advances where a DNN is trained to generate a two-dimensional image of the designed nanostructure, which is not limited to a closed set of nanostructure shapes, and can be trained for the design of any geometry. This allows for better generalization, with higher applicability for real-world design problems.
Highlights
The inverse design of nanophotonic structures, obtaining a geometry for a desired photonic function (Figure 1a–b), has been a challenge for decades
We review the topic of inverse design in nanophotonics based on deep learning architectures and compare the advantages and weaknesses of the main published approaches
The deep learning approach to inverse design in nanophotonics is still in its infancy and needs to be evaluated against more established optimization techniques that have been presented over the years
Summary
The past decade has witnessed the advent of nanophotonics, where light–matter interaction is shaped, almost at will, with human-made designed nanostructures. We review previous studies for designing nanostructures, including recent advances where a DNN is trained to generate a two-dimensional image of the designed nanostructure, which is not limited to a closed set of nanostructure shapes, and can be trained for the design of any geometry. This allows for better generalization, with higher applicability for real-world design problems
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