Abstract
Sensor networks for infrastructure monitoring systems require battery-operated sensing nodes with a lifetime of 10 years, a standardized technology, and low engineering costs. Receiver-initiated transmission and coordinated sampled listening are promising power-saving communication methods that can be used for infrastructure monitoring. First, we compared receiver-initiated transmission and coordinated sampled listening from the viewpoint of power consumption and communication success probability. The results of the comparison showed that if we can continue coordinated sampled listening synchronous communication mode, we can satisfy the low power consumption performance required for infrastructure monitoring. However, coordinated sampled listening synchronous communication cannot be maintained for a longer period owing to performance variations of the clock crystal oscillator (CXO). We solved this problem by developing energy efficient system-media access control protocol (NES MAC), a MAC protocol with the additional function of correcting the dispersion of CXO and maintaining synchronization for a long time. NES-MAC is fully compatible with coordinated sampled listening. Furthermore, NES-MAC also has a high power-saving effect when communicating with normal coordinated sampled listening. Therefore, it is possible to expand the network easily and economically without affecting the power-saving performance. In addition, we found that through actual equipment evaluation that sensor nodes that adopt NES-MAC can operate for more than 10 years with two CR123A-type batteries.
Highlights
IntroductionThis article is an extension of work originally presented at the 2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA, 2016).[1]
This article is an extension of work originally presented at the 2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA, 2016).[1]Research and development of wireless sensor networks have been actively conducted since the late 1990s
The results of comparing Receiver-initiated transmission (RIT) and Coordinated sampled listening (CSL) asynchronous mode and CSL synchronous mode from the viewpoint of power consumption and communication link establishment success rate are shown in Figures 4 and 5
Summary
This article is an extension of work originally presented at the 2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA, 2016).[1]. In CSL, the sender uses wakeup frames to announce the transmission timing before transmitting the data frame These are standardized[6] power-saving wireless communication methods that appear to be promising for infrastructure monitoring. Low power communication cannot be performed unless CSL synchronous communication can be maintained. The core idea of NES-MAC is to maintain synchronization by rectifying the clock drift based on the data obtained using CSL communication. Since the system can be constructed by mixing NES-MAC and commercially available standard products, it is easy to procure and add nodes, and as a result, the engineering cost of the system can be kept low. An application is required with low frequency of communication for which infrastructure monitoring can be maintained with power-saving communication using NES-MAC. NES-MAC can use the CSL synchronized communication mode, which has low overhead. In this article, we illustrate by performing an actual machine evaluation that it can be operated for more than 10 years using two CR123A-type batteries
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