Abstract
Marxism is the intellectual and political movement founded by Karl Marx (1818–83). The socialist and communist movements, which seek to bring about economic equality and a fairer distribution of wealth, antedated Marx, but he gave them a sense of intellectual coherence in his major works (some co‐authored with Friedrich Engels) – The Communist Manifesto, The German Ideology , and Capital . Marx also provided the basis for a “Marxist” literary and cultural theory in his theory of ideology, in which he famously proclaimed that the ruling ideas of any society are the ideas of the ruling class. Later theorists would also draw on his reworking of Hegel's dialectical method of analysis to describe the complex ways culture both reflects reality and prefigures new versions of social life.
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