Abstract
NORMAL human serum kills Gram-negative bacteria by the antibody-complement system1–4. Killed bacteria are converted to spheroplasts by lysozyme5–8. Subsequent loss of intracellular contents by spheroplasts leaves the empty cytoplasmic membranes or ghosts5,8. Serum action proceeds as follows8, using R for viable bacterial rod, R* for killed rod, S for spheroplast, and G for ghost:
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