Abstract
Metabolism is a chemical process used by cells to transform food-derived nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats, into chemical and thermal energy. Whenever an alteration of this process occurs, the chemical balance within the cells is impaired and this can affect their growth and response to the environment, leading to the development of a metabolic disease. Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of several metabolic risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, and atherogenic dyslipidaemia, is increasingly common in modern society. Metabolic syndrome, as well as other diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, are associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. Cellular lipids are the major component of cell membranes; they represent also a valuable source of energy and therefore play a crucial role for both cellular and physiological energy homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the lysophospholipid mediator lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and its receptor G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) in metabolic diseases. LPI is a bioactive lipid generated by phospholipase A (PLA) family of lipases which is believed to play an important role in several diseases. Indeed LPI can affect various functions such as cell growth, differentiation and motility in a number of cell-types. Recently published data suggest that LPI plays an important role in different physiological and pathological contexts, including a role in metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
Highlights
Metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity, can be a result of genetics factors, a deficiency in a certain hormone or enzyme, an unbalanced diet or very often a combination of these factors
Diabetes is associated with several complications, including micro and macrovascular complications that are mainly caused by poorly controlled blood glucose levels and that result in reduced life expectancy
Metabolic disorders are often associated to an abnormal increase in dietary fats and the caloric surplus leads to impaired lipid metabolism and fat accumulation which is a fundamental step in the progression of metabolic disorders [2]
Summary
Metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity, can be a result of genetics factors, a deficiency in a certain hormone or enzyme, an unbalanced diet or very often a combination of these factors. Transition from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose tolerance and to type 2 diabetes is accompanied by a decrease in both insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β cell function. Lysophospholipids are the product of the activity of PLA2 on phospholipids and are well known to act as extracellular signals. In the past two decades lysophospholipids have emerged as second-messenger molecules regulating intracellular signalling pathways that are involved in many physiological and pathological functions, such as inflammation, angiogenesis, nervous system regulation, atherosclerosis and tumorigenesis [3,4,5]. This review will focus on the production and signalling pathways downstream LPI and the emerging evidence suggesting its role in metabolism, with specific interest in LPI, and its main receptor GPR55 involvement in metabolic diseases
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