Abstract
This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of Lysimachiae Herba ethanolic extract (LHE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and in a LPS/D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute hepatitis mouse model. Then, the production of inflammatory mediators and the activation of related pathways in macrophages were explored. Finally, we assessed the serum aminotransferase levels and the expression of inflammatory/antioxidant molecules in liver tissues in mice. Results revealed that LHE treatment significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Molecular data showed that LHE remarkably increased the activities of the antioxidant pathway and inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase as well as the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB induced by LPS. Furthermore, it prevented acute liver damage caused by LPS/D-GalN-induced hepatitis by inhibiting aminotransferase levels and histopathological changes in mice. Moreover, treatment with LHE significantly inhibited the activation of inflammatory pathways and increased the expression of antioxidant molecules including heme oxygenase-1/Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. In conclusion, LHE has potent anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects in LPS-stimulated macrophages and the LPS/D-GalN-induced acute hepatitis mouse model. Thus, it can be a treatment option for inflammation, hepatitis, and liver injury.
Highlights
Lysimachiae Herba (LH) is a dried whole part of Lysimachia christinae, known in Korea as “Geumjeoncho”, and is commonly found in East Asia
We explored the influence of Lysimachiae Herba ethanolic extract (LHE) on the proliferation and viability of RAW 264.7 cells using the cell counting kit (CCK) assay
LHE could inhibit the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 via the inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation. These results suggested that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB might be a pharmacological target of LHE against
Summary
Lysimachiae Herba (LH) is a dried whole part of Lysimachia christinae, known in Korea as “Geumjeoncho”, and is commonly found in East Asia. This herb has been commonly used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, viral hepatitis, cholecystitis, urinary stones, and jaundice [1,2,3]. Fulminant hepatic injury is caused by a variety of factors that can cause liver failure, including alcohol, chemicals, oxidizing agents, and hepatitis virus [7]. LPS and D-GalN are the most common agents that cause fulminant hepatic injury [8,9]. LPS is a component of the gut Gram-negative bacteria [10], and plays an important role in the initiation stage
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