Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, a variety of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are being produced. Nanotoxicology has become a hot topic in many fields, as researchers attempt to elucidate the potential adverse health effects of NPs. The biological activity of NPs strongly depends on physicochemical parameters but these are not routinely considered in toxicity screening, such as dose metrics. In this work, nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO2), one of the most commonly produced and widely used NPs, is put forth as a representative. The correlation between the lung toxicity and pulmonary cell impairment related to TiO2 NPs and its unusual structural features, including size, shape, crystal phases, and surface coating, is reviewed in detail. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in pulmonary inflammation in response to the properties of TiO2 NPs is also briefly described. To fully understand the potential biological effects of NPs in toxicity screening, we highly recommend that the size, crystal phase, dispersion and agglomeration status, surface coating, and chemical composition should be most appropriately characterized.
Highlights
Owing to the rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, many kinds of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are needed and produced
Warheit et al [41] showed that instilled nanoscale TiO2 rods and nanoscale TiO2 dots produced transient lung inflammation and cell injury in rats at 24 h post-exposure, which is similar to the pulmonary effects of rutile TiO2 NPs (300 nm)
Owing to the small size, coupled with the unique physical and chemical properties of NPs, nanotoxicology is put forward by some pioneer scientists to address the problems likely to be caused by nanoparticles/nanomaterials in terms of their potential adverse health effects
Summary
Owing to the rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, many kinds of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are needed and produced. NPs, is a noncombustible and odorless white powder that is employed as a white pigment in paints and papers, a photocatalyst in solar cells, an optical coating in ceramics, and a corrosion-protective coating in bone implants, etc It naturally exists in three crystal structures: anatase (tetragonal), rutile (tetragonal), and brookite (orthorhombic). An increased incidence of lung injury and pulmonary inflammation induced by exposure to TiO2 NPs has been reported in the scientific literature. The pulmonary toxicity and tissue injury elicited by TiO2 NPs is based on several physical and chemical properties, which have been reported in many studies [27,28,29,30]. We will concentrate systematically on the influence of physicochemical features of TiO2 NPs on lung toxicity and pulmonary cell impairment. The aim is to understand the correlation of the physicochemical properties of TiO2 NPs with their potential hazardous effects on lung tissue and to help improve their application performance
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