Abstract
BackgroundBjerkandera adusta (B. adusta) is one of the most important etiological fungi associated with chronic cough. However, precise details of the inflammatory response to exposure are not well understood yet. B. adusta was recently identified in Asian sand dust (ASD) aerosol. Therefore, in the present study the exacerbating effects of ASD on B. adusta-induced lung inflammation and B. adusta + ASD on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine lung eosinophilia were investigated using experimental mice.MethodsIn order to prepare testing samples, B. adusta obtained from ASD aerosol was inactivated by formalin and ASD collected from the atmosphere was heated to remove toxic organic substances (H-ASD). CD-1 mice were instilled intratracheally with 12 different samples prepared with various combinations of B. adusta, H-ASD, and OVA in a normal saline solution. The lung pathology, cytological profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in BALF were investigated.ResultsH-ASD aggravated the lung eosinophilia induced by B. adusta alone, which also aggravated the lung eosinophilia induced by OVA. The mixture of OVA, H-ASD, and B. adusta caused serious fibrous thickening of the subepithelial layer, eosinophil infiltration, and proliferation of goblet cells in the airways along with remarkable increases of IL-13, eotaxin, IL-5, and MCP-3 in BALF.ConclusionsThe results of the present study demonstrated that B. adusta isolated from ASD aerosol induces allergic lung diseases. H-ASD enhanced allergic reactions caused by OVA or B. adusta. A mixture of B. adusta, H-ASD, and OVA caused the most remarkable exacerbation to the allergic airway inflammation via remarkable increases of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Highlights
Bjerkandera adusta (B. adusta) is one of the most important etiological fungi associated with chronic cough
Enhancement of cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by B. adusta and H-Asian sand dust (ASD) Figure 1 shows the numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes determined in BALF from the control and treated groups
B. adusta isolated from ASD aerosol caused murine lung eosinophilia and heat-treated ASD (H-ASD) aggravated the lung eosinophilia associated with B. adusta
Summary
Bjerkandera adusta (B. adusta) is one of the most important etiological fungi associated with chronic cough. B. adusta was recently identified in Asian sand dust (ASD) aerosol. The asexual spores are known to be a fungal aeroallergen, which causes an allergic fungal cough [2] This fungus is one of the most significant etiological fungus-associated chronic cough (FACC) [1]. It is not well understood yet what type of inflammatory response is initiated in the lungs of human with exposure to components in B. adusta or infection caused by B. adusta. B. adusta was identified in ASD aerosol, which was collected from the atmosphere in Suzu, Japan during the occurrence of an Asian dust event [5]. It is crucial to investigate the effects of B. adusta and ASD on airway diseases in order to find the relevant treatment for patients of FACC or asthma
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