Abstract
BackgroundLung cancer, as the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, has been linked to environmental factors, such as air pollution. Residential exposure to petrochemicals is considered a possible cause of lung cancer for the nearby population, but results are inconsistent across previous studies. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to estimate the pooled risk and to identify possible factors leading to the heterogeneity among studies.MethodsThe standard process of selecting studies followed the Cochrane meta-analysis guideline of identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. We assessed the quality of selected studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Reported point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were extracted or calculated to estimate the pooled risk. Air quality standards were summarized and treated as a surrogate of exposure to air pollution in the studied countries. Funnel plots, Begg’s test and Egger’s test were conducted to diagnose publication bias. Meta-regressions were performed to identify explanatory variables of heterogeneity across studies.ResultsA total of 2,017,365 people living nearby petrochemical industrial complexes (PICs) from 13 independent studied population were included in the analysis. The pooled risk of lung cancer mortality for residents living nearby PICs was 1.03-fold higher than people living in non-PIC areas (95% CI = 0.98–1.09), with a low heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 25.3%). Such effect was stronger by a factor of 12.6% for the year of follow-up started 1 year earlier (p-value = 0.034).ConclusionsOur meta-analysis gathering current evidence suggests only a slightly higher risk of lung cancer mortality among residents living nearby PICs, albeit such association didn’t receive statistically significance. Reasons for higher risks of early residential exposure to PICs might be attributable to the lack of or less stringent air pollution regulations.
Highlights
Lung cancer, as the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, has been linked to environmental factors, such as air pollution
A total of 13 study groups were extracted, covering around 2,017,365 people living near petrochemical areas in Taiwan, Louisiana in the US, Teesside, West Glamorgan in the UK, and Brindisi, Sicily, and Rome in Italy
Most petrochemical industrial complexes (PIC) operated at least 14 years
Summary
As the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, has been linked to environmental factors, such as air pollution. Tobacco smoking acts as one of the major risk factors for the disease [2, 3], there is still a considerable fraction of lung cancer mortality that remains unexplained [4] This is noticeable in many high-income countries, which showed an apparent trend of decrease in Petrochemical manufacturing industry, defined as petroleum refining (Standard Industrial Classification code [SIC] 2911) or industrial organic chemicals manufacturing (SIC 2869), involves processes that produce and potentially emit hazardous chemicals into the surrounding air, soil, and water.
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