Lump, lump-stripe, and breather wave solutions to the (2 + 1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera equation in fluid mechanics

Abstract

The present study investigates the lump, one-stripe, lump-stripe, and breather wave solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera equation using the Hirota bilinear method. For lump and lump-stripe solutions, a quadratic polynomial function, and a quadratic polynomial function in conjunction with an exponential term are assumed for the unknown function f giving the solution to the mentioned equation, respectively. On the other hand, only an exponential function is considered for one-stripe solutions. Besides, the homoclinic test approach is adopted for constructing breather wave solutions. The propagations of the attained lump, lump-stripe, and breather wave solutions are shown through some graphical illustrations. The graphical outputs demonstrate that the lump wave moves along the straight line y=−x and exponentially decreases away from the origin of the spatial domain. On the other hand, lump-kink solutions illustrate the fission and fusion interaction behaviors upon the selection of the free parameters. Fission and fusion processes show that the stripe soliton splits into a stripe soliton and a lump soliton, and then the lump soliton merges into one stripe soliton. In addition, the achieved breather waves illustrate the periodic behaviors in the xy-plane. The outcomes of the study can be useful for a better understanding of the physical nature of long waves in shallow water under gravity.