Abstract
Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles possess numerous advantages including tunable luminescence emission, narrow peak width and excellent optical and thermal stability, especially concerning the long lifetime from microseconds to milliseconds. Differing from other shorter-lifetime fluorescent nanomaterials, the long lifetime of lanthanide-doped nanomaterials is independent with background fluorescence interference and biological tissue depth. This review presents the recent advances in approaches to regulating the lifetime and applications of bioimaging and biodetection. We begin with the introduction of the strategies for regulating the lifetime by modulating the core–shell structure, adjusting the concentration of sensitizer and emitter, changing energy transfer channel, establishing a fluorescence resonance energy transfer pathway and changing temperature. We then summarize the applications of these nanoparticles in biosensing, including ion and molecule detecting, DNA and protease detection, cell labeling, organ imaging and thermal and pH sensing. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the lanthanide lifetime regulation for fundamental research and practical applications are also discussed.
Highlights
A central goal in biology and medicine is to develop excellent imaging and detection technology [1]
There are numerous limitations based on conventional fluorescence imaging technology, including low sensitivity, shallow detective depth and substantial interference caused by background autofluorescence [14,15]
Among the large number of nanomaterials, lanthanide-doped nanoparticles feature a longer lifetime than other fluorescence materials, whose emission could last for milliseconds [16]
Summary
A central goal in biology and medicine is to develop excellent imaging and detection technology [1]. RTahgeedeticmayeofthoneememoilteticnuglsetastpe einnds in the excited satnatuepcroentuverrnsiionngetnoertghyetrganrosfuernpdroscteastseis[2d6et]e.rTmhineedlifbeytiitms ientorifnasicpdheocasypahnodr,thτe, irne-fers to the time at termediate states [28] Susceptive to their intrinsic properties and local environment, the wlifhetiicmhe thofe liannttheannsiidtey-ddoepcedaynsantoop1a/rteicloesf ictosumld abxeimtuunmed [b2y7]a.dTjuhsteindg eccoarye–sohfelol ne emitting state in an upconversion energy transfer process is determined by its intrinsic decay and the intermediate states [28]. Susceptive to their intrinsic properties and local environment, the lifetime of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles could be tuned by adjusting core–shell structure, the content of sensitizer and emitter, internal energy transfer channel, FRET system and temperature. The reported methods allow only a limited range of lifetime adjustments
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