Abstract
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a condition often seen in patients with impaired consciousness due to brain disorders. However, these clinical features cannot be communicated by patients with impaired consciousness. When the ICP is increased to more than 20 mm Hg in a short period, the cerebral bloodflow(CBF) isreduced.Tomaintain CBF,thearterialpressure (AP) increases. Stimulation of vagal outflow induces bradycardia, respiration becomes deep and slow, and in some severe acute cases, respiratory arrest. These three phenomena (AP increasing, bradycardia, and slow and deep respiration) conform the Cushing reflex, which is an important sign of increased ICP and which can be recognized in patients with impaired consciousness (2, 3). The cranial cavity normally contains a brain weighing approximately 1400g,75mLofblood,and75mLofcerebrospinalfluid(CSF),which
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