<title>Transverse modes, patterns, and polarization behavior in VCSELs</title>

Abstract

Vertical cavity surface-emitting semiconductor lasers provide solutions for many engineering applications and fundamental scientific investigations. Knowledge of the transverse field and polarization properties is often essential, and in many cases it is highly desirable to select a single predetermined transverse mode and polarization state. Here we review recent research in characterizing, modeling and controlling transverse modes and polarization effects in vertical cavity lasers.