<title>Retinal damage mechanisms from ultrashort laser exposure</title>

Abstract

Extensive research of ultrashort ocular damage mechanisms has shown that less energy is required for retinal damage for pulses shorter than one nanosecond. Laser minimum visible lesion thresholds for retinal damage from ultrashort (i.e. < 1 ns) laser pulses occur at lower energies than in the nanosecond to microsecond laser pulse regime. WE review the progress made in determining the trends in retinal damage from laser pulses of one nanosecond to one hundred femtoseconds in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regimes. We discuss the most likely damage mechanism(s) operative in this pulse width regime and discuss implications on laser safety standards.