Abstract
The water saving technology for lowland rice cultivation was very crucial because of in the future irrigation water become scarce and competed with other sectors. The lowering of the availability of irrigation water had the impact for sustainability of rice production. The review of the paper described the pattern of basic water requirement, yield responses of several lowland rice varieties to moisture stress, days interval irrigation and the alternatives of water saving techniques for improving yield and water productivity. The pattern of the actual water requirement (ET+P&S) showed the maximum value of 8.8 mm/day (1.02 lt/sec/ha) for high yielding varieties (HYV) that occurred from heading to 50% flowering. Under limited water supply, irrigation water should be applied that period to prevent yield loss. Soil moisture stress at moderate level (- 0.5 bar) from heading to full flowering was significantly decreased yield about 30% when compared with the yield of continuously flooded 3 cm depth. This period was a critical period of HYV to soil moisture stress. For rotational irrigation purposes, information of the optimum days interval irrigation was important. It was found that 3 days irrigation interval was a critical limit for HYV to achieve higher yield. The SRI model of rice cultivation had the lowest rice yield in the lowland soil, poor drainage, clay soil texture and low permeability. The modified irrigation of the SRI plus fertilizer N based on LCC readings gave a greater yield as well as water productivity. The hybrid and NPT line rice varieties had higher yield components and grain yield than Ciherang variety. Ciherang variety was not favor to grown for the wet season, it was more productive when grown in dry season even with AWD irrigation model. The plant spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm gave higher number of panicle/hill and number of spikelet/panicle under both AWD and continuously flooded 3 cm depth for dry and wet season consistently. The fertilizer N management based on SSNM with low and high rates for the early vegetative stage were not significantly affected all yield components and grain yield. The AWD irrigation could save irrigation water about 18% when compared to the continuously flooded conditions.The grain yield of the hybrid, inbred and NPT line rice varieties was higher for the dry season than wet season under both AWD irrigation and continuous flooding consistently.
Highlights
In Asia, the availability of freshwater for agriculture is declining, while demand for rice will increase because of population growth
The water saving through the alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation technique can be practiced by farmers in the upstream so : (a) turnaround time shorten, (b) to minimize irrigation water losses in the canal and in farm fields for the upstream area (c) irrigation water efficiency or water productivity in the service area improved, (d) to increase cropping intensity, (e) to hasten transplanting so escape from the drought/pest attacking for downstream areas
These techniques were includes : a) The pattern of water requirement of lowland rice; b) effect of soil moisture stress on the yield of high yielding variety (HYV ), c) Yield response of lowland rice to interval of irrigation and total water consumption,d) SRI experiment and e) Interactions of type of varieties, plant spacing and N fertilizer management based on site specific nutrient management (SSNM) under AWD and continuous flooding conditions. a) The pattern of water requirement of lowland rice
Summary
In Asia, the availability of freshwater for agriculture is declining, while demand for rice will increase because of population growth. Facing the increasing demand for food combined with the increasing scarcity of water, rice production in Asia need to produce more rice with less water (Belder,et al, 2002). In recent years, these extreme climatic events have become more frequents and their impact has been more severe. Nutrient use efficiencies in flooded rice are often low because of high losses, resulting in contamination and high fertilizer costs for farmers. Water management practices are required to increase water use efficiency in rice production while maintaining productivity (Shi, et al, 2002)
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