Abstract
Problem statement: Relationships between Escherichia coli (E. coli) and biophysicochemical properties of seawater at different seasons and water pollution index were investigated in the Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Approach: Water quality data taken at different seasons (Early Rainy Season (ERS) in November 2007 and Late Dry Season (LDS) in August 2008) were analyzed. Additionally, to compare pollution level at different seasons, Nemerow-Sumitomo Water Pollution Index (WPI) was used. Results: Significant correlation of E. coli occured with only few parameters in the ERS, but with more parameters in the LDS. This might be due to the rainfall intensity in the ERS that was potential to dilute seawater and reduce concentration of some parameters, especially along the offshore stations. However, at the same time, the freshwater coming from land had capacity to force out the polluted water in 13 river systems flowing into the bay; hence it could generate more pollution along the onshore stations. Seawater pollution level slightly increased in the ERS in respect to the addition of polluted water from rivers. In this season, none station was clean, 20 stations were slightly polluted, six stations were moderately polluted and six stations were highly polluted. Meanwhile in the LDS, the number of stations following the above WPI criteria were 9, 16, 3 and 4, respectively, indicating less pollution level. Conclusion/Recommendations: The overall results showed that E. coli exhibited significant correlations with more water parameters in the LDS and the WPI showed a little increase in the ERS.
Highlights
Like other metropolitan cities in the world, Jakarta city in Indonesia faces up some environmental problems as an impact of rapid development
In total 30 water properties have been measured in the early rainy season (ERS) and late dry season (LDS), but only the parameters having designated PVs were inputted in the Water Pollution Index (WPI) equations (Table 1)
12 parameters have exceeded the PVs in both seasons, i.e., Total Suspended Solid (TSS), turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, Disovld. Oxyg. (DO), phosphate, phenol, sulfide, blue methylene
Summary
Like other metropolitan cities in the world, Jakarta city in Indonesia faces up some environmental problems as an impact of rapid development. Rapid development of Jakarta city especially during the centralization period where Indonesian GDP reaching an incredible increase of 5.7 percent per year between 1980 and 1992 (World Resources Institute, 1996) has made Jakarta city growing very fast With such an economic growth, Jakarta embodies many of the contradictory forces at play in rapidly industrializing megacities of the world. Garbage such as plastics, consumable water, while WPI is more applicable for woods, bottles and other solid wastes are found evaluating pollution level of a water ecosystem. Worsened by poor drainage systems and weak law enforcement (Colbran, 2009; Willoughby et al, 1997)
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