LTE massive MIMO (Pre-5G) test for land-to-boat scenarios in Oslo fjord

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In this paper, a 3-day Pre-5G LTE test campaign was performed in Oslo fjord. A detailed description of the LTE test campaign including base station radio coverage, route design, Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) placement, weather conditions and other related info is given. The measured data were analysed according to LOS and NLOS scenarios. For the LOS Scenario, the averaged Received Signal strengths (RSS) vary along the routes from -55 dBm to -85 dBm (about 30 dB), while the averaged standard deviations change from 2 dB to 7 dB. It is also found that most of the cross-covariance between the signal strength obtained in the front CPE and the rear CPE is less than 0.7 with the antenna separation of 10-meter on the sail boat, which suggests a potential for multi-user diversity in the similar radio propagation environments. For the NLOS scenario, it can be found that some of the RSS results are less than 80 dBm, and partly the radio link was lost (no recording), which limits the corresponding conclusion. The RSS was found to be between -80 dBm and -100 dBm at the TX-RX distances up to 27 km, which shows the potential of a long coverage up to 27 km at 3.7 GHz by using the pre-5G solutions for the maritime applications.