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Abstract
This article aims to analyze the so called “European triangle” for the protection of human rights, characterized by a complex normative and judicial articulation of three coexisting systems of protection in Europe: at national, international and at the European Union level. In order to do so, it starts by presenting the multiple standards experienced in Europe, which means concurrent and, in particular, complementary normative schemes. This pluralism also requires the presentation of the established maximum standard principle as an harmonizing mechanism. Then, it presents the judicial protection of human rights in Europe, emphasizing the articulation and, mainly, the mutual infl uence between all competent courts, including references to some decisions that properly demonstrate the evolution of their approach. Ultimately, it concludes that this complex normative and judicial articulation found in Europe shapes what is called the “European legal identity”, based on an indispensable coherence towards the adequate protection of human rights. It also concludes that the European Convention of Human Rights is taken as the main normative instrument in Europe, expressing a true European convergence in terms of human rights. Finally, likewise, it concludes that the European Court of Human Rights is confi rmed as the prime guardian of human rights in Europe, playing a true integrative role
Highlights
Com efeito, a atual tutela dos direitos humanos na Europa, caracterizada pelos chamados “triângulos normativo e judicial europeus”,6 mostra-se bastante complexa, levando-nos, inclusive, a enfrentar alguns questionamentos quanto à sua articulação e, por conseguinte, à sua efetividade
Belisa Carvalho Nader concurrent and, in particular, complementary normative schemes. This pluralism requires the presentation of the established maximum standard principle as an harmonizing mechanism. It presents the judicial protection of human rights in Europe, emphasizing the articulation and, mainly, the mutual influence between all competent courts, including references to some decisions that properly demonstrate the evolution of their approach
It concludes that this complex normative and judicial articulation found in Europe shapes what is called the “European legal identity”, based on an indispensable coherence towards the adequate protection of human rights
Summary
Hoje, contrariando qualquer tentativa errônea de limitação ou restrição deles, são tutelados em diversos níveis e por diversos sistemas, justamente em razão da necessidade de se criarem mecanismos jurídicos mais eficazes e efetivos à proteção de tais direitos, caracterizando uma relação de verdadeira concorrência e, como veremos, complementaridade jurídica desses múltiplos sistemas de proteção. É bem verdade que há quem alerte, como o faz Maria Luísa Duarte, que não necessariamente uma pluralidade de sistemas resulta em mais proteção, pelo contrário, pode, inclusive, resultar no efeito inverso e paradoxal, potencializando as antinomias e os conflitos entre eles.[8] Isso porque, já de acordo com Gomes Canotilho, não há mais: ficuldades, sobretudo quando qualquer desses ordenamentos disputa a supremacia normativa ou, pelo menos, a aplicação preferente das suas normas e princípios.[9]. Corroborando este entendimento, Gomes Canotilho defende que é, justamente, essa pluralidade normativa, em constante concorrência, convergência, justaposição e conflito, que originará um espaço jurídico pluralmente inclusivo, tendente a uma identidade jurídica aberta aos direitos humanos e a valores como a dignidade. Revista de Estudios Políticos, n. 79, p. 7-46, 1993
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