Abstract
Recent years have witnessed many new promising technologies to power wireless sensor networks, which motivate some fundamental topics to be revisited. Different from energy harvesting, which generates dynamic energy supply, the mobile charger is able to provide a stable and reliable energy supply for sensor nodes and, thus, enables sustainable system operations. While previous mobile charging protocols focus on either the charger travel distance or the charging delay of sensor nodes, in this work, we propose a novel energy synchronized mobile charging (ESync) protocol, which simultaneously reduces both of them. Observing the limitation of traveling salesman problem (TSP)-based solutions, when the nodes' energy consumption is diverse, we construct a set of nested TSP tours based on their energy consumption, and only nodes with low remaining energy are involved in each charging round. Furthermore, we propose the concept of energy synchronization to synchronize the charging request sequence of nodes with their sequence on the TSP tours. Experimentation and simulation demonstrate that ESync can reduce charger travel distance and nodes' charging delay by about 30% and 40%, respectively.
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