Abstract
Among the main problems of some temperate fruit species, such as the apple tree ( Malus domestica ), are the poor set of fruits and low production. Polyamines and Self-Incompatibility Control Substances (SICS), involving mineral nutrients such as manganese and boron, are the major chemical compounds used to reduce these problems. The aim of this study was to use popular polyamines putrescine (Put) at 0.1, 0.25 mM, spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) both at 0.05, 0.25 mM and SICS at 1, 2 mg L -1 , alone or with cotton coverage bags and control to show the effects of these chemical compounds on yield indices and qualitative traits of apple ( Malus domestica ) cv ‘Red Delicious’. Results showed that Spd (0.25 mM) and SICS (1 mg L -1 ) had higher effect on yield per weight and per fruit number, final fruit set and ISI, but Spd (0.25 mM) decreased final drop. Put (0.1 mM + ccb), Spd (0.25 mM) and SICS (2 mg L -1 + ccb) were the most suitable treatments in order to increase the qualitative characteristics.
Highlights
Having suitable yield, percentage of fruit set and qualitative traits are the most important concerns in apple (Malus domestica)
Different techniques are used in order to do successful pollination. Some of these techniques are done by bees and artificial pollination. These techniques have some limitations; including (1) having adequate quantity of compatible pollen grains with high quality, (2) flowers must be attractive in order to decrease the number of bees visiting the flowers of weeds throughout the orchard, (3) an overlap period of flowering and pollination between pollinizer and pollinator is mandatory
Artificial pollination, which can be done by hand and it is regarded as hand pollination, had some requirements
Summary
Percentage of fruit set and qualitative traits are the most important concerns in apple (Malus domestica). Alternate bearing is vigorous in some cultivars of apple and some of them are self-incompatible, which means that they are not capable to pollinate each other. According to these problems, different techniques are used in order to do successful pollination. Different techniques are used in order to do successful pollination Some of these techniques are done by bees and artificial pollination.
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