Abstract
Residual annatto seeds are waste from bixin extraction in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Most of this by-product is currently discarded; however, the use of these seeds in human foods through the elaboration of powder added to other commercial powders is seen as a viable option. This study aimed at drying of residual annatto powder, with and without the oil layer derived from the industrial extraction of bixin, fitting different mathematical models to experimental data and calculating the effective moisture diffusivity of the samples. Powder containing oil exhibited the shortest drying time, highest drying rate (≈ 5.0 kg kg-1 min-1) and highest effective diffusivity (6.49 × 10-12 m2 s-1). All mathematical models assessed were a suitable representation of the drying kinetics of powders with and without oil, with R2 above 0.99 and root mean square error values lower than 1.0.
Highlights
Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a plant native to SouthAmerica, and belongs to the family Bixaceae
Seeds were stored in plastic containers at -18°C until the onset of experiments. These seeds were impregnated with soybean oil and pigment residue, waste products from the bixin extraction
Annatto seeds were processed in two ways: in the first, seeds were preserved with the oil layer remaining from the bixin extraction, and in the second, the oil layer was removed by washings with water and neutral detergent
Summary
Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a plant native to SouthAmerica, and belongs to the family Bixaceae. Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a plant native to South. Its seeds have high commercial value due to the thin serosal layer around, from which bixin, a reddish-orange pigment with applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, is extracted (SANTOS et al, 2013). Chuyen et al (2012) report that bixin from annatto can be extracted by immersing seeds in hot vegetable oil. Bixin oil extraction generates a large amount of byproducts in the form of annatto seeds that are impregnated with both the oil used in extraction, and residual pigment. According to Silva et al (2005), the bixin extraction process produces 97 to 98% of the byproduct, of which approximately 97% is not reused (RÊGO et al, 2010). A number of researchers have investigated the application of annatto seeds in animal feed
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