Abstract
Studies on biopolymers from macroalgae suggested sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) as research agents to investigate events related to haemostasis. Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium is a marine green alga containing three SPs fractions (SP 1 , SP 2 and SP 3 ). SP 2 had anticoagulant ( in vitro ) and anti- and prothrombotic ( in vivo ) actions; however, its effect on the coagulation system is not fully understood. This study aimed to determine the infrared (IR) spectroscopy, chemical composition (CC), elemental microanalysis (EM), molecular weight (MW) and the effect on coagulation proteases of SP 2 . The presence of sulfate ester, galactose-6-sulfate, uronic acid and glycoside linkages for IR spectrum; contents of sulfate (28%), total sugars (40%) and uronic acids (7.18%) for CC; and content of carbon (21.98%), sulfate (4.27%), nitrogen (1.3%) and hydrogen (4.86%) for EM were obtained. The average molecular weights of four different SPs (SP-1, SP-2, SP-3 and SP-4) subfractions from the SP 2 ranged from ~ 8 to >100 kDa. SP 2 was tested on coagulation proteases (thrombin and factor Xa) in the presence of antithrombin (AT) and heparin cofactor II (HCII) using human plasma, being both thrombin and factor Xa target proteases inhibited, but requiring a concentration of about 2.5-fold higher of HCII than the thrombin inactivation by AT.
Highlights
Marine algae have been commonly consumed in the Orient (China, Japan and South Korea) as part of the daily diet, and documented as marine products in traditional medicine (WANG et al, 2008; ZHU et al, 2010)
Once the genus Caulerpa of green seaweeds has been little explored, and few descriptions of structural and biomedical properties of its sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are still reported, we have focused the studies with SP2 fraction (C. cupressoides var. lycopodium) on coagulation proteases
The green seaweed C. cupressoides var. lycopodium SPs were extracted by papain digestion (6h, 60°C), and fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose), resulting into three different SPs fractions (SP1, SP2 and SP3 eluted at concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 M of NaCl, respectively)
Summary
Marine algae have been commonly consumed in the Orient (China, Japan and South Korea) as part of the daily diet, and documented as marine products in traditional medicine (WANG et al, 2008; ZHU et al, 2010). Technology natural products extracted from seaweed has significantly increased. SPs occur in sea grasses (AQUINO et al, 2005), animals (POMIN; MOURÃO, 2008), microalgae (MAJDOUB et al, 2009) and freshwater plants (DANTAS-SANTOS et al, 2012). They exhibit a wide structural diversity among different marine organisms (ANANTHI et al, 2010; AQUINO et al, 2005; CAMPO et al, 2009; MAJDOUB et al, 2009; POMIN; MOURÃO, 2008). Previous studies have suggested SPs for data at level of biology, taxonomic supplement and evolution of marine algae (POMIN; MOURÃO, 2008; USOV, 1998)
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