Abstract
The green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium contains three SPs fractions (Cc-SP1, Cc-SP2 and Cc-SP3). Cc-SP1 and Cc-SP2 had anticoagulant (in vitro), pro- and antithrombotic, antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory (in vivo) effects. This study analyzed structural features and the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Cc-SP1 on zymosan-induced acute arthritis of the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Cc-SP1 was investigated by infrared technique. Male Wistar rats (200- 240 g) received subcutaneously (s.c.) Cc-SP1 1h prior to intra-articular (i.art.) injection of zymosan (2 mg joint -1 ) or saline (0.9%) into the left TMJ. Mechanical hypernociception was measured by the electronic Von Frey method in the basal and 4h after zymosan injection. Animals were euthanized 6h after zymosan injection and the TMJ cavity was removed for total leukocyte counts from the synovial fluid and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assessment. Cc-SP1 (1, 3 or 9 mg kg -1 ) containing sulfate ester, galactose- 6-sulfate, uronic acid and glycosidic linkages reduced zymosan-induced hypernociception (78.12, 81.13 and 87.43%, respectively, p < 0.01), and inhibited the total leukocyte influx (85, 88.14 and 89.95%, respectively, p < 0.01), being confirmed by MPO activity (p < 0.05). Therefore, Cc-SP1 reveals a pharmacological tool for treating inflammatory arthropathies.
Highlights
Inflammation is a physiological event of the body caused by several factors ranging from microorganism infection and chemical injury to environmental pollution, leading to cell damage
It is characterized by pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function that results in the movement of leukocytes into the inflamed zones (KULINSKY, 2007)
There is a continuous need for the development of new analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory agents with novel modulatory effects from natural products derived from different origins (DE ARAÚJO et al, 2012; DORE et al, 2013; IWALEWA et al, 2007; VANDERLEI et al, 2010; YOUNG, 2008)
Summary
Inflammation is a physiological event of the body caused by several factors ranging from microorganism infection and chemical injury to environmental pollution, leading to cell damage. Cardoso et al (2010) evaluated the pharmacological effect of fucoidans from Fucus vesiculosos (Phaeophyta) on zymosan-induced arthritis and found anti-inflammatory actions by reduction of cellular influx and nitric oxide concentration into the knee joint of rats. An anti-inflammatory response of SPs from L. variegata on zymosan-induced arthritis into the knee joint of rats was reported by Paiva et al (2011).
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